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Analysis Paper Hills Like White Elephants Free Essays

Victor Aguirre ENGL 1102 (T/R 9:30a. m. ) February 1, 2013 Short Story Analysis Paper Topic: Hills like White Elephants Meaningful Hills Hills are seen as just abstract objects in a distance, some may be seen as beautiful and they are hard to get around when you don’t have the best way to overcome them. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis Paper Hills Like White Elephants or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the short story an American man and a girl named Jig are sitting in a rail station waiting for the train to Madrid. While they are waiting, they have an intense, ongoing discussion over whether or not Jig will get an abortion. The hills are viewed as a symbol of how big obstacles can set minor setback in life, but you have to find a way around to move on. In the story, Jig looked at the hills and said, â€Å"They look like white elephants. † To Jig the case was very rare to encounter such animal. The hills on the other hand represent big obstacles that we must climb, but they are not enormous mountains. This represents the fact that the girl’s baby is a key obstacle in her life, but it is not the end of her life and she will make it through. The only problem is that the American is trying to convince her to go thru with the operation, thus causing certain conflict between the couple. Even though Jig knows she will be ok if she allows the baby to live, the Americans negativity affects her mood and thoughts on their relationship. Hills are also perspectives to look out from, but also block the view for those who reside in the valley. This represents how in the story Jig looks at the hills and sees opportunity, yet at the same time the American looks at the hills and sees nothing, his vision of a positive and happy future is congested by the enormous obstacle of the child. The happiness that the baby will transfer to the couple would make everything feel perfectly fine to Jig. The fact that the American sees this as a negative effect on their lives really hurts Jig. Nevertheless she wants to make things work with him, and she will try to until their journey comes to a stop. Like the wilderness the hills are stunning, natural and completely stationery. In other words, they have always been in the same place, and they will always be that way, that’s just the way it is. This shows how settling down would be a necessity with a baby. It also shows that being pregnant is no small thing. A baby is a huge responsibility and is not something you take very lightly. Regardless of the girl’s decision, it is not something that the girl will ever be able forget about. A baby is a life form which can’t be brought back to life once it’s gone and neither can you get rid of it, just because you don’t want it. All the traveling is getting to her and she wants to stay still for some time and have a family. In which she can enjoy spending time with and live a happy life with. In the story there was a part when Jig looks at the scenery and says, â€Å"And we could have all this. † (Pg. 175) Referring to on a deeper level, hills represent a test, new life, and opportunity. While Jig sits down and looks at the hills, seeing a chance and is considering the possibility of new life, a newborn child in her life. The opportunity of settling down and getting to a new stage in her life where she can feel proud of herself and take care of one of her own. Nothing is easy in life, and for Jig to accept the responsibility of the operation could be a pricey choice in the long run. Throughout the short story many examples where shown of how the hills resemble the view point of Jig and the American. The American is eagerly trying to convince Jig to pursue the possibility of going through with the surgery. While only thinking about his happiness and not whether Jig feels ok with it. The American tries to make his words sound mellow and convincing but Jig sees past them and realizes that the right choice is within her. Regardless of what the American wants, she is the only one who has to endure the real pain of the situation, nevertheless her surroundings let her visualize how they could help her with her decision. Therefore the hills help her realize how many things in life are just obstacles but can be easily overcome with by finding a resolution that will benefit everyone. Works Citied Page Hemingway, Ernest. Hills Like White Elephants. Rpt. In Literature: Approaches to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 2nd ed. Ed. Robert DiYanni. New York: McGraw Hill, 2008. 400-403. Print How to cite Analysis Paper Hills Like White Elephants, Papers

Martin Luther Sacramental Practices

Theology has transcended ages since the beginning of the 16th century. As a matter of fact, Theologians such as Martin Luther came out as strong believers who would preach with inspiration and self conviction. The conviction was based on the ‘unjust’ doctrine of the Catholic Church at that time and the then limited bible.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Martin Luther: Sacramental Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a catholic priest, Martin Luther became a respected minister among the conservatives and the deity who had control of political direction of the state and social views on supernatural. However, this was to change in the dawn of the 16th century with the emergence of a fresh approach adopted by Martin Luther. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly identify the roles of Martin Luther, his ideologies, development, and practices in the Catholic Church Sacramen ts in his life time. Besides, the paper discusses the results of the 16th century Protestant Reformation facilitated by Martin Luther who is believed to have been the catalyst of the same. Moreover, the paper concentrates on roles of Martin Luther especially in the act of offering Catholic Church Sacraments. Martin Luther is described as a great pillar of the protestant transformation faith. In order to understand his character, it is important to reflect on his active participation in the Catholic Church as a priest who was empowered by the church leadership to lead a congregation in sacrament practices. Reflectively, it is critical to review his stand on faith, salvation, grace, and good works following the release of his famous 95 theses. In his view, Martin Luther defines faith as a substance of full reliance on only God and that man is but a subject in the salvation ladder. Man is therefore is a custodian of salvation and not necessary the owner of the same. According to Marius (1999): In Reformed Theology, the Lord’s Supper and Baptism are sacraments, which are external signs by which God seals the promise of goodwill toward people in order to sustain the weakness of faith inherent in humans, and which operate as testimony of the piety of believers toward God. (Marius 89) Therefore, man must internalize the self conviction faith, that is, only God has the sole power to save him from every form of sin.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Martin Luther believed that sin imprisoned mankind and made him unable to really redeem himself from the yoke of trespasses. This was the basis for his rejection of the sacrament of confession, sale of indulgence, pilgrimage, elaborate Catholic mass ritual, and prayer to saints. Interestingly, this belief was a direct opposite of his upbringing noting that he was brought up as a staunch Catholic by his Catholic parents. Therefore, Luther was always in a constant conflict with the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church doctrines which suggested the opposite, that is, man can redeem himself from sin through confession to a priest who had the capacity to intercede for forgiveness of sins. In the thought of Luther, this was wrong and misleading to the population practicing Christianity which he described as a personal and internalized relationship with Christ as the only true savior. As a result, Martin Luther opined that man has not control over his destiny but is rather a subject and a custodian of faith. Actually, the notion of faith kept this liberal priest from despairing against the reality at that time. Martin Luther remains to be the most inspirational figure in the quest for reformation of the church which commenced in the 16th century. His religious steadfastness inspired many people who found solace in the alternative approach towards serving the supernatural being. In mos t of his preaching messages, Luther was steadfast in opposing ‘good works’ and reminded his congregation of then aspect of faith as an accompaniment of salivation. Without faith, Luther contended that salvation is meaningless and but just a tool for satisfying greediness of mankind in his quest to elevate himself in a state of being an object of worship. Martin Luther has always been a controversial figure as viewed by the many modern denominational Christians. He is accredited for having castigated a systematic fragmentation of the Christendom which further exacerbated it to splintering into series of denominations that have spread across the globe. Through expunging the bureaucratic and corrupt church system of his time, Martin Luther succeeded in inspiring the church to turn back to biblical root by his preaching on only two sacraments, that is, Lord’s Supper and baptism which are symbolically represented in the Old Testament by Passover and Circumcision. In e xercising sacrament practices, Martin Luther introduced then aspect of reformed theology. According to Tracy (1999):Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Martin Luther: Sacramental Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reformed theology refers to the exclusive use of scripture to support theological positions. As a result, the New Testament contains passages that support the general position of Reformed Theology that the Lord’s Supper and baptism are derived from Passover and circumcision. In addition, the New Testament indicates that the Lord’s Supper and baptism are imbued with additional meanings and implications that are not present or considered in the Old Testament, which are indicative of the covenant relationship that the faithful form with Christ. (Tracy 137) The most significant materials that aided the process of transformation into the two sacraments as supported by Luther were his famous Ninety-Five Theses collection which disseminated clear and well researched messages to the congregation. However, â€Å"his message of salvation through the unmerited grace of God was not readily accepted by the Roman Catholic Church, in part because it undermined the authority they exercised through the priests and the administration of the sacraments† (Marius 98). Luther distanced himself from the Roman Catholic’s practice of confirmation as part of the Christian sacrament. However, he had no problem with the same especially when practiced as a rite. In one of his well presented sermons, Marin Luther was categorical on the periphery of this practice by asserting that â€Å"†¦if every pastor examines the faith of the children †¦lays hands on them, and confirms them† (Luther 9). Therefore, Luther’s article on Small Catechism which was basically meant for children was actually in support of confirmation as a right and it prepared pare nts to embrace the same on their children. Specifically, Martin Luther was among the first person to approve in full the 1540 Brandenburg Church Order which was written by Bugenhagen Johannes which dwelled on confirmation and church governance by Episcopal (Wright 67). Besides, Luther showed a great recognition for the Melanchthon’s 1545 Wittenberg order for the church. Interestingly, this order supported the doctrine of empowering pastors and priests to lay hand on children and confirm them as a rite of passage in the church (Marius 45). Generally, Luther attempted to present a very specific and neutral treatment of this issue in his paper, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church:Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I wonder what could have possessed them to make a sacrament of confirmation out of the laying on of hands, (Mark 16:18; Acts 6:6, Acts 8:17, Acts 19:6) which Christ employed when He blessed young children, (Mark 10:16) and the apostles when they imparted the Holy Spirit, ordained elders and cured the sick, as the Apostle writes to Timothy, â€Å"Lay hands suddenly on no man.† (1Timothy 5:22) Why have they not also turned the sacrament of the bread into confirmation? I do not say this because I condemn the seven sacraments, but because I deny that they can be proved from the Scriptures. (Luther 13) Thus, Martin Luther concluded that the practice lacked divine aspect and connection but was merely a church doctrine which is void of faith sacrament because the practice could not save a soul from the prison and dungeon of sin that had gripped mankind. According to Luther, a divine sacrament must contain the aspect of promised salvation through faith and believe in the sole power o f redemption from God and not mankind who are mere custodians of salvation. Different from the divine sacrament, Luther opined that the one practiced by the Roman Catholics at that time contained elements or circumstances leading a person to anticipate a feeling of exceeding psychological and physical demands on ability to comfortably cope up with pure salvation. Besides, it offered unrealistic consolation in the face of sin as mankind was convinced by the leadership of the church to believe in salvation from mankind. He concluded that: Confirmation and Extreme Unction are rites received from the Fathers which not even the Church requires as necessary to salvation, because they do not have God’s command. Therefore it is not useless to distinguish these rites from the former, which have God’s express command and a clear promise of grace. (Luther 16) Though faith is meaningless without guidance from fellow human beings, balance between doctrinal rites and divinity is nec essary. As a remedy, Martin Luther proposed that his congregation should rather concentrate on the sacrament of baptism and celebration of the last supper since these two had biblical roots in them. However, practicing other sacraments such as the confirmation would serve the purpose of bonding mankind especially when the same was given the approach of a church rite. As a result of this clarification and relation to the bible, Martin Luther was able to influence the lives of many European Christians to undergo radical changes in belief patterns on the aspect of faith in salvation and divine control in order to make a sacrament valid. He opines that â€Å"lying on of hands as there was in apostolic times, whether we called it confirmation or healing! Hence it is sufficient to regard confirmation as a certain churchly rite or sacramental ceremony, similar to other ceremonies, such as the blessing of holy water and the like† (Luther 06). Following these revelations, European Chr istians experienced systematic changes in the political, personal, social, and cultural systems which were controlled by theological realms before. Specifically, musical composition for worship became diverse as people integrated diversity in worship. Besides, financial accountability was more profound as the leadership of the church was held accountable for every penny spent unlike the free style model adopted by the Roman Catholic. Generally, these transformations were accompanied by liturgical language as translations were made available to the congregation in addition to the ‘singing church’ concept as opposed to conservative worship (Marius 78). Since the transformation empowered transformation followers to read bible translation in their own languages, the influence and power of the catholic priests at that time dwindled considerably as the lay Christians could get first hand understanding of the scriptures as opposed to non objective or biased interpretation by t he Roman Catholic priests. In addition, the aspect of divine sacrament empowered these Christians to independently study the bible in native languages, pray and repent directly to God without unnecessary intermediary medium, and give alms based on personal conviction (Kolb 56). In retrospect, Luther’s intention was to let the clergy to perform the priestly role of sacrament administering. â€Å"While Protestants argued for this priesthood being scriptural and providing for individuals to personally have a relationship with God, the result was not a rise in Biblical literacy among the lay population, despite Luther’s support for education of the youth† (Kolb 60). However, the general control and dominance displayed the priests on the congregation dwindled as more people rejected the priesthood doctrine which was viewed as imposing confraternities, charities, and monastic orders. Through initiation of active reforms in the church, Luther’s intention was spe cific and long term. By proposing transformations such as presence of a reparation altar, priesthood, and canon embedment of church sacraments, Luther wanted to maintain the status quo by supporting the aspect of delegating the duty of sacrament practices solely on the priests or pastors. Among other practices Luther advocated besides the sacrament model was the communion and the presence of the image of Jesus Christ physically attached to the altar where sacraments were offered (Wright 23). Luther’s endeavors on transformations paid off with conception of the autonomous Western Europe absent from the Roman Catholicism cord of the seven reparations. As asserted by Kolb (1999): the division of Christianity in Western Europe can in part be traced to the loss of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, which, with a pope to serve as God’s representative on earth, the vicar of Christ, had acted with the College of Cardinals to keep Christianity, at least in Western Europe, do ctrinally unified under a particular institution. (Kolb 42) Reflectively, as more people embraced Martin Luther’s ideology, Roman Catholic lost its single authority to diverse traditions that embraced the reformed Christian faith. This was characterized by numerous religion based war in protest of the martial realm imposed by the powerful Roman Catholic establishment. Though these conflicts were detrimental, that is, they resulted in internal displacement and political instability, the overall effect was eradication of the Catholic dogma as revelations on divine path to salvation surfaced. Protestants were empowered to question certain practices and draw inferences from the bible which translated in their native languages. In fact, â€Å"It was the question of salvation, as well as others, such as the necessity of the sacraments, which separated the various Christian sects for centuries† (Tracy 71). The root of religion based war can be traced to varying ideology on vi ews as proposed by Martin Luther and those that were internalized by the Roman Catholic establishment which had an almost monopolistic control over religious roles on mankind. Actually, â€Å"Luther considered the Church corrupt and in need of extensive reform and the Church believed Luther was a heretic since his teachings regarding the papacy contradicted their own and threatened their claim to Papal supremacy† (Tracy 75). The differing ideology attracted a good number of converts to protestant front headed by Luther. These converts were disillusioned by the deep rooted culture of corruption and misappropriation in the Roman Catholic churches. As a result of Luther’s revolutionary messages on freedom and the joy of self conviction, many converts made substantial step towards quest for economic and political rights. Surprisingly, drawing his conviction from the bible, Luther was against use of force to liberate the body from physical harassment because such action wou ld jeopardize the noble course of goodness to mankind since it had no divine aspect but was guided by emotions. According to Wright (1982): The Peasant Revolt of 1524-1525 was condemned by Luther as unchristian and he lent his support to the princes as they put down the rebellion, killing thousands of peasants. While there were pertinent political necessities involved in Luther’s condemnation of the revolting peasants, his theology regarding the Two Kingdoms, the theological status of Christians and non-Christians, influenced his position as well. (Wright 98) Luther used this opportunity to justify his movement as based on revolution against unjust acts as opposed to disobedience to authority which was the pivotal point of the Peasant Revolt. Just like the sacrament, this revolt has no divine aspects but was a justification of hunger and human opinion same as the confirmation sacrament. Overtime, Luther’s efforts paid off as his ideology of afterlife available for refo rmed Christians penetrated religious circles. People begin to question the origin of the seven sacraments and their divine significance in the lives of those who follow them. Basing his defense from the bible, Luther identifies only two sacraments as those that have spiritual benefit to Christians, that is, the last supper and baptism. While dismissing other sacraments, Luther proposed that these sacraments were only permissible when practiced as a rite among mankind. Interestingly, Luther embraced the role of priest in administering sacraments and proposed to maintain the image of Jesus on the sacrament altar. Among the seven sacrament practices carried out by the Roman Catholic churches, Martin Luther rejected the sacrament of confession, sale of indulgence, pilgrimage, elaborate Catholic mass ritual, and prayer to saints as based on principles of human gratification. However, he embraced the sacrament of the last supper and baptism as having roots in the bible. Luther further cat egorically classifies the five sacrament rituals as those lacking divine inspiration since salvation was only possible by faith and not human practices. Interestingly, this belief was a direct opposite of his upbringing noting that he was brought up as a staunch catholic. His ideology of transformation embraced diversity and facilitated liberation of the Western Europe from the thread of the Roman Catholic establishment. As a matter of fact, these systematic proposals facilitated a century old transformation that swept across the continents of the world and climaxed with the establishment of the Lutheran church. As a better alternative, followers were convinced that the sacrament of baptism and last supper are ideal as compared to the other five which merely glorify the sinful mankind and deny faith a chance in the spiritual conviction. Works Cited Kolb, Robert. Martin Luther as Prophet, Teacher, Hero: Images of the Reformer, 1520- 1620 (Texts and Studies in Reformation and Post-Ref ormation Thought), Michigan: Baker Books, 1999. Print. Luther, Martin. â€Å"Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Respecting the Reformation of the Christian Estate.† Luther’s Primary Works. Ed. Henry Wace and Buchheim C. London, UK: Hodder and Stoughton, 1896. Print. Luther, Martin. â€Å"The Freedom of a Christian Man.† The Protestant Reformation. Ed. Hans Hillerbrand. New York: Harper Row Publishers, 1968. Print. Marius, Richard. Martin Luther: The Christian between God and Death, Cambridge Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999. Print. Tracy, James. Europe’s Reformations, 1450-1650, New York: Roman Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1999. Print. Wright, Antony. The Counter-Reformation: Catholic Europe and the Non-Christian World, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982. Print. This research paper on Martin Luther: Sacramental Practices was written and submitted by user Man-Thing to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Sarin Nerve Gas Works (And What to Do If Exposed)

How Sarin Nerve Gas Works (And What to Do If Exposed) Sarin is an organophosphate nerve agent. It most commonly is considered a nerve gas, but it mixes with water, so ingestion of contaminated food/water or liquid skin contact also are possible. Exposure to even a small amount of Sarin may be fatal, yet treatments are available that may prevent permanent neurological damage and death. Heres a look at how it works and how exposure to Sarin is treated. Key Takeaways: Sarin Sarin is an organophosphate nerve gas- a type of chemical weapon.The gas dissolves in water, so Sarin can be delivered in food or liquids as well as air.Sarin works like a pesticide. It inhibits acetylcholinesterase, preventing muscle relaxation.Although Sarin can be deadly, mild exposure can be survivable. If exposed, get away from the nerve agent, remove all exposed clothing and clean skin with soap and water. Seek emergency medical attention. What Is Sarin? Sarin is a man-made chemical with the formula [(CH3)2CHO]CH3P(O)F. It was developed in 1938 by German researchers at IG Farben for use as a pesticide. Sarin gets its name from its discoverers: Schrader, Ambros, Rà ¼diger, and Van der Linde. Pure Sarin is colorless, odorless, and has no flavor. It is heavier than air, so Sarin vapor sinks into low-lying areas or toward the bottom of a room. The chemical evaporates in air and mixes readily with water. Clothing absorbs Sarin and its mixtures, which can spread exposure if contaminated clothing is not contained. Its important to understand you can survive a low concentration of Sarin exposure as long as you dont panic and do seek medical attention. If you survive initial exposure, you may have several minutes to several hours to reverse the effects. At the same time, dont assume you are in the clear just because you survived initial exposure. Because effects may be delayed, its important to get medical attention. How Sarin Works Sarin is a nerve agent, which means it interferes with the normal signaling between nerve cells. It acts in much the same way as organophosphate insecticides, block nerve endings from allowing muscles to stop contracting. Death may occur when the muscles controlling breathing become ineffective, causing asphyxiation. Sarin acts by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Ordinarily, this protein degrades acetylcholine released at the synaptic cleft. The acetylcholine activates nerve fibers that cause muscles to contract. If the neurotransmitter is not removed, the muscles dont relax. Sarin forms a covalent bond with the serine residue at the active site on the cholinesterase molecule, making it unable to bind to acetylcholine. Symptoms of Sarin Exposure Symptoms depend on the route and intensity of exposure. The lethal dose is incrementally higher than the dose producing minor symptoms. For example, inhaling an extremely low concentration of Sarin may produce a runny nose, yet a very slightly higher dose may cause incapacitation and death. The onset of symptoms depends on dose, usually within minutes to hours after exposure. Symptoms include: Dilated pupilsHeadacheSense of pressureSalivationRunny nose or congestionNauseaVomitingTightness in chestAnxietyMental confusionNightmaresWeaknessTremors or twitchesInvoluntary defecation or urinationAbdominal crampsDiarrhea If an antidote is not given, symptoms may proceed to convulsions, respiratory failure, and death. Treating Sarin Victims Although Sarin can kill and cause permanent damage, individuals who suffer mild exposure usually recover completely if given immediate treatment. The first and most important action is removing Sarin from the body. Antidotes to Sarin include atropine, Biperiden, and pralidoxime. Treatment is most effective if given immediately, but still helps if some times passes (minutes to hours) between exposure and treatment. Once the chemical agent is neutralized, supportive medical care is helpful. What to Do If You Are Exposed To Sarin Do not administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to a person exposed to Sarin, since the rescuer can be poisoned. If you think you have been exposed to Sarin gas or Sarin-contaminated food, water, or clothing, its important to seek professional medical attention. Flush exposed eyes with water. Clean exposed skin with soap and water. If you have access to a protective respiratory mask, hold your breath until you can secure the mask. Emergency injections typically are used only if symptoms of severe exposure occur or if the Sarin is injected. If you have access to injectables, be sure to understand when to use/not-use them, since the chemicals used to treat Sarin come with their own risks. References CDC Sarin Fact SheetSarin Material Safety Data Sheet, 103d Congress, 2d Session. United States Senate. May 25, 1994.Millard CB, Kryger G, Ordentlich A, et al. (June 1999). Crystal structures of aged phosphonylated acetylcholinesterase: nerve agent reaction products at the atomic level. Biochemistry 38 (22): 7032–9.Hà ¶rnberg, Andreas; Tunemalm, Anna-Karin; Ekstrà ¶m, Fredrik (2007). Crystal Structures of Acetylcholinesterase in Complex with Organophosphorus Compounds Suggest that the Acyl Pocket Modulates the Aging Reaction by Precluding the Formation of the Trigonal Bipyramidal Transition State. Biochemistry 46 (16): 4815–4825.

Battle of Olustee in the Civil War

Battle of Olustee in the Civil War Battle of Olustee - Conflict Date: The Battle of Olustee was fought February 20, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Brigadier General Truman Seymour5,500 men Confederate Brigadier General Joseph Finegan5,000 men Battle of Olustee - Background: Thwarted in his efforts to reduce Charleston, SC in 1863, including defeats at Fort Wagner, Major General Quincy A. Gillmore, commander of the Union Department of the South, turned his eye towards to Jacksonville, FL. Planning an expedition to the area, he intended to extend Union control over northeastern Florida and prevent supplies from the region reaching Confederate forces elsewhere. Submitting his plans to the Union leadership in Washington, they were approved as the Lincoln Administration hoped to restore a loyal government to Florida before the election that November. Embarking around 6,000 men, Gillmore entrusted operational control of the expedition to Brigadier General Truman Seymour, a veteran of major battles such as Gaines Mill, Second Manassas, and Antietam. Steaming south, Union forces landed and occupied Jacksonville on February 7. The next day, Gillmore and Seymours troops began advancing west and occupied Ten Mile Run. Over the next week, Union forces raided as far as Lake City while officials arrived in Jacksonville to start the process of forming a new government. During this time, the two Union commanders began arguing over the scope of Union operations. While Gillmore pressed for the occupation of Lake City and a possible advance to the Suwannee River to destroy the railroad bridge there, Seymour reported that neither was advisable and that Unionist sentiment in the region was minimal. As a result, Gillmore directed Seymour to concentrate his forced west of the city at Baldwin. Meeting on the 14th, he further directed his subordinate to fortify Jacksonville, Baldwin, and Barbers Plantation. Battle of Olustee - The Confederate Response: Appointing Seymour as commander of the District of Florida, Gillmore departed for his headquarters at Hilton Head, SC on February 15 and directed that no advance into the interior be made without his permission. Opposing the Union efforts was Brigadier General Joseph Finegan who led the District of East Florida. An Irish immigrant and an enlisted veteran of the prewar US Army, he possessed around 1,500 men with which to defend the region. Unable to directly oppose Seymour in the days after the landings, Finegans men skirmished with Union forces where possible. In an effort to counter the Union threat, he requested reinforcements from General P.G.T. Beauregard who commanded the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Responding to his subordinates needs, Beauregard sent contingents south led by Brigadier General Alfred Colquitt and Colonel George Harrison. These additional troops swelled Finegans force to around 5,000 men. Battle of Olustee - Seymour Advances: Shortly after Gillmores departure, Seymour began to view the situation in northeast Florida more favorably and elected to commence a march west to destroy the Suwannee River bridge. Concentrating around 5,500 men at Barbers Plantation, he planned to advance on February 20. Writing to Gillmore, Seymour informed his superior of the plan and commented that by the time you receive this I shall be in motion. Stunned upon receiving this missive, Gillmore dispatched an aide south with orders for Seymour cancel the campaign. This effort failed as the aide reached Jacksonville after the fighting had ended. Moving out early in the morning on the 20th, Seymours command was divided into three brigades led by Colonels William Baron, Joseph Hawley, and James Montgomery. Advancing west, Union cavalry led by Colonel Guy V. Henry scouted for and screened the column. Battle of Olustee - First Shots: Reaching Sanderson around midday, Union cavalry began skirmishing with their Confederate counterparts west of town. Pushing the enemy back, Henrys men met more intense resistance as they neared Olustee Station. Having been reinforced by Beauregard, Finegan had moved east and occupied a strong position along the Florida Atlantic and Gulf-Central Railroad at Olustee. Fortifying a narrow strip of dry ground with Ocean Pond to the north and swamps to the south, he planned receive the Union advance. As Seymours main column approached, Finegan hoped to use his cavalry to lure the Union troops into attacking his main line. This failed to occur and instead fighting intensified forward of the fortifications as Hawleys brigade began to deploy (Map). Battle of Olustee - A Bloody Defeat: Responding to this development, Finegan ordered Colquitt to advance with several regiments from both his brigade and Harrisons. A veteran of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville who had served under Lieutenant General Thomas Stonewall Jackson, he advanced his troops into the pine forest and engaged the 7th Connecticut, 7th New Hampshire, and 8th US Colored Troops from Hawleys brigade. The commitment of these forces saw the fighting rapidly grow in scope. The Confederates quickly gained an upper hand when confusion over orders between Hawley and the 7th New Hampshires Colonel Joseph Abbott led to the regiment deploying improperly. Under heavy fire, many of Abbotts men retired in the confusion. With the 7th New Hampshire collapsing, Colquitt focused his efforts on the raw 8th USCT. While the African-American soldiers acquitted themselves well, the pressure compelled them to begin falling back. The situation was made worse by the death of its commanding officer, Colonel Charles Fribley ( Map). Pressing the advantage, Finegan sent additional forces forward under the guidance of Harrison. Uniting, the combined Confederate forces began pushing east. In response, Seymour rushed Bartons brigade forward. Forming on the right of the remnants of Hawleys men the 47th, 48th, and 115th New York opened fire and halted the Confederate advance. As the battle stabilized, both sides inflicted increasingly heavy losses on the other. During the course of the fighting, Confederate forces began to run low on ammunition forcing a slackening of their firing as more was brought forward. In addition, Finegan led his remaining reserves into the fighting and took personal command of the battle. Committing these new forces, he ordered his men to attack (Map). Overwhelming the Union troops, this effort led Seymour to order a general retreat east. As Hawley and Bartons men began withdrawing, he directed Montgomerys brigade to cover the retreat. This brought the 54th Massachusetts, which had gained fame as one of the first official African-American regiments, and the 35th US Colored Troops forward. Forming, they succeeded in holding back Finegans men as their compatriots departed. Leaving the area, Seymour returned to Barbers Plantation that night with the 54th Massachusetts, 7th Connecticut, and his cavalry covering the retreat. The withdrawal was aided by a weak pursuit on the part of Finegans command. Battle of Olustee - Aftermath: A bloody engagement given the numbers engaged, the Battle of Olustee saw Seymour sustain 203 killed, 1,152 wounded, and 506 missing while Finegan lost 93 killed, 847 wounded, and 6 missing. Union losses were made worse by Confederate forces killing wounded and captured African-American soldiers after the fighting had concluded. The defeat at Olustee ended the Lincoln Administrations hopes for organizing a new government prior the 1864 election and made several in the North question the value of campaigning in a militarily insignificant state. While the battle had proved a defeat, the campaign was largely successful as the occupation of Jacksonville opened the city to Union trade and deprived the Confederacy of the regions resources. Remaining in Northern hands for the rest of the war, Union forces routinely conducted raids from the city but did not mount major campaigns. Selected Sources CWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of OlusteeBattle of Olustee Civil War Trust: Battle of Olustee

The glass ceiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The glass ceiling - Essay Example ceived superiority of men in administrative and leadership roles, diminishment of women’s voices in decision-making situations and valuation of perceived ‘masculine’ traits, such as, aggression and dominance over perceived ‘feminine’ traits like understanding and patients, especially in highly competitive and political environments. The glass ceiling has a variety of effects on women. The first and most obvious is to subtly exclude them from reaching top positions in their fields. While a few women do make it into upper management or leadership roles in their fields, the vast majority of most professions, and especially the highest echelons of those professions, remain dominated by men. This process can also create a significant negative impact on a woman’s personal life. Most obviously, professional stalling that occurs when women hit the glass ceiling and are no longer able to advance creates significant emotional problems, such as, professional frustration and decreased self-worth. Women are often made to make lose-lose choices, for instance, having to decide between having a child, and thus loosing time, energy and prestige at work, or focusing on their careers and losing out on family opportunities – choices men are never forced to make. (For question three, maybe focus on things such as the fact that you can use traditionally feminine traits to be an excellent psychologist, you can side-step traditional hierarchies that exist in other professions, and publish work in a merit-based fashion to achieve prestige without needing to go through patriarchal

Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Socrates - Essay Example All through the book Socrates proves his respect for the law as well as his deep desire to continue studying philosophy. This paper will discuss why Socrates submitted to the law despite being innocent and it will seek to prove that Socrates love for his religion was far above his willingness to cooperate with the laws of Athens, and that he also respected the laws very much. During Socrates trial in the Apology, he stated to the Jury that he believed in what his gods commanded him to doing, and he would remain in his philosophical missions regardless of any situations. The Jury offered him the chance for freedom is he would quit his philosophical missions but Socrates said that even if it meant choosing between staying in prison and being free because of his religion, he would choose remaining in prison and continuing with his philosophy. Socrates had been imprisoned because he had spent a lot of time in investigation and practicing philosophy. In one occasion one member of the July said, "If you said to me in this regard: Socrates, we do not believe Anytus now; we acquit you, but only on the condition that you spend no more time on this investigation and do not practice philosophy, and if you are caught doing so you will die, if , as I say , you were to acquit me on those terms, I would say to you : " (Plato 29c-d) Through this statement, the Jury made it clear that they were completely against Socrates ideas and religion ad they were only going to set him free on condition that he quitted his philosophical mission. In response to this statement, Socrates stated that, Through this response, Socrates made it clear to the July that he was not ready to buy their decision and that he respected his religion more than the law. The fear of suffering in prison could not pullback Socrates philosophical mission. He chooses to go against the law and be denied independence on the expense of continuing to study